Impacts of COVID-19 on urban rail transit ridership using the Synthetic Control Method

Authors

Mengwei Xin
Amer Shalaby
Shumin Feng
Hu Zhao

Document Type

Journal Article

Publication Date

2021

Subject Area

mode - rail, place - asia, place - europe, place - north america, place - urban, ridership - behaviour

Keywords

COVID-19 effects, Relative change in daily ridership, Synthetic control method, System closure effects, Ridership recovery

Abstract

The outbreak of COVID-19 in 2020 has had drastic impacts on urban economies and activities, with transit systems around the world witnessing an unprecedented decline in ridership. This paper attempts to estimate the effect of COVID-19 on the daily ridership of urban rail transit (URT) using the Synthetic Control Method (SCM). Six variables are selected as the predictors, among which four variables unaffected by the pandemic are employed. A total of 22 cities from Asia, Europe, and the US with varying timelines of the pandemic outbreak are selected in this study. The effect of COVID-19 on the URT ridership in 11 cities in Asia is investigated using the difference between their observed ridership reduction and the potential ridership generated by the other 11 cities. Additionally, the effect of the system closure in Wuhan on ridership recovery is analyzed. A series of placebo tests are rolled out to confirm the significance of these analyses. Two traditional methods (causal impact analysis and straightforward analysis) are employed to illustrate the usefulness of the SCM. Most Chinese cities experienced about a 90% reduction in ridership with some variation among different cities. Seoul and Singapore experienced a minor decrease compared to Chinese cities. The results suggest that URT ridership reductions are associated with the severity and duration of restrictions and lockdowns. Full system closure can have severe impacts on the speed of ridership recovery following resumption of service, as demonstrated in the case of Wuhan with about 22% slower recovery. The results of this study can provide support for policymakers to monitor the URT ridership during the recovery period and understand the likely effects of system closure if considered in future emergency events.

Rights

Permission to publish the abstract has been given by Elsevier, copyright remains with them.

Comments

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http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/0967070X

Recommended Citation

Xin, M., Shalaby, A., Feng, S., & Zhao, H. (2021). Impacts of COVID-19 on urban rail transit ridership using the Synthetic Control Method. Transport Policy, Vol. 111, pp. 1-16.